Three-Language Formula : A Federal Challenge in Indian Education

Context: Tamil Nadu’s Opposition to the Three-Language Formula

Tamil Nadu has consistently opposed the three-language formula, adhering to a two-language policy (Tamil and English). This opposition is based on:

• Linguistic identity: Tamil Nadu sees Tamil as a classical language with a strong heritage.
• Political history: Anti-Hindi agitations since the 1930s strengthened resistance.
• Federalism concerns: The state views language imposition as a threat to autonomy.

The three-language policy has had mixed implementation across India, with variations in different states.

The Language Debate in India

• Post-independence, language policies have remained contentious.
• The Constituent Assembly debated the national language issue.
• Hindi was adopted as the official language, but English remained dominant.

The Three-Language Formula

• Introduced in 1968 under the National Policy on Education (NPE).
• Mandates learning three languages:
  • Mother tongue (regional language)
  • Hindi
  • English
• NEP 2020 retained this policy but did not impose any language.

Implementation Challenges

• Hindi-speaking states rarely adopt a South Indian language.
• Private schools in North India neglect regional languages.
• Political resistance makes uniform implementation difficult.

The Real Issue: Declining Language Standards

• Focus on science and math coaching sidelines language education.
• English-medium expansion lacks quality teaching, affecting learning.
• Regional languages suffer from declining reading habits.

Conclusion

Tamil Nadu’s opposition reflects broader concerns over linguistic identity and federalism. The real challenge is not policy formulas but improving language education quality. Strengthening language teaching methods is crucial for better learning outcomes and national integration.