Exploring Carnatic Music: Culture, Controversy, and Continuity

Context : The Supreme Court, in an interim order, stated that musician T.M. Krishna should not be recognized as the recipient of the Sangita Kalanidhi M.S. Subbulakshmi Award. Furthermore, he was restrained from presenting himself as an awardee until the Court resolves an appeal challenging the conferment of the award.

Background

• The Court’s decision followed the presentation of the award to T.M. Krishna during the inauguration of the 98th Annual Conference and Concerts in Chennai, an event organized by The Hindu and the Music Academy.
• The Sangita Kalanidhi Award is a prestigious honor in the realm of Carnatic music.

About Carnatic Music

Carnatic music is a classical tradition from Southern India, deeply intertwined with the region’s cultural and religious heritage.

Origins and History

1. Ancient Roots:

   • Traces its origins to the Sama Veda, which contains hymns set to musical tunes.

2. Temple Traditions:

   • Played a vital role in preserving Carnatic music through performances as part of temple rituals.

3. Bhakti Movement:

   • This devotional movement (6th–17th centuries) significantly influenced the development of Carnatic music by emphasizing devotional compositions.

4. Medieval Composers:

   • Purandaradasa (1480–1564) systematized its methods and composed numerous devotional songs.

5. The Trinity:

   • In the 18th century, Thyagaraja, Shama Shastri, and Muthuswami Dikshitar created compositions that are foundational to the Carnatic repertoire.

Key Concepts in Carnatic Music

1. Raga (Rāga):
   • A melodic framework for improvisation and composition.
2. Tala (Tāḷa):
   • Represents rhythmic cycles, often characterized by mathematical precision.
3. Bhava (Bhāva):
   • Expresses emotions and thoughts through musical renderings.

Instruments in Carnatic Music

1. Vocal:
   • The human voice is central, serving as the primary instrument.
2. Melody Instruments:
   • Common instruments include the Violin, Veena, Flute, and Nadaswaram.
3. Percussion Instruments:
   • Instruments like the Mridangam, Ghatam, Kanjira, and Thavil provide rhythmic support.

Structure of Performances

1. Kriti (Kṛti):
   • A structured song comprising Pallavi (refrain), Anupallavi (second verse), and Charanam (final verse).
2. Ragam Tanam Pallavi:
   • A highly improvisational segment that highlights the performer’s expertise.
3. Thillana:
   • A rhythmic and lively piece usually concluding a performance.

Notable Composers in Carnatic Music

1. Purandaradasa:
   • Revered as the father of Carnatic music, known for standardizing musical teaching methods.
2. The Trinity:
   • Thyagaraja, Shama Shastri, and Muthuswami Dikshitar are celebrated for their timeless contributions to the Carnatic tradition.